\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \Z\Z \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \Z \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \Z\r\n \r\nin 1984. During these early years, the predominant etiology of kidney disease in HIV was recognized as HIVassociated\r\nnephropathy (HIVAN), an aggressive form of kidney disease with a high rate of progression to end-stage\r\nrenal disease (ESRD). Subsequently, with the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there\r\nwas a dramatic decrease in the incidence of ESRD attributed to HIV/AIDS. Although the incidence of HIV-related\r\nESRD has plateaued in the last 15 years, the prevalence has continued to increase because of improved survival.\r\nAvailable prevalence estimates do not include HIV-infected individuals with comorbid ESRD, although there is\r\ngrowing evidence that the epidemiology of kidney disease in the HIV-infected population has changed. This article\r\nreviews the impact of risk factors such as race, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatitis C virus coinfection, and\r\nthe chronic use of cART on the changing epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease. Additionally in this review, we\r\npropose potential areas of translational research that will help to further characterize HIV-related kidney disease in\r\nthe 21st century.
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